There is increasing interest in developing new indices that potentially are a more direct assessment of the emotional component of pain in non-human animals. In this presentation, I will describe some of these new methods and discuss how they might more directly relate to pain experienced as well as any potential limitations of these techniques. These novel methods will include spontaneous ‘complex’ behaviour, a range of operant behavioural assays (including self-administration, conditioned discriminations) and the relatively new method of using facial expressions to assess pain. Finally, I will focus on the development of an automated system for scoring the Mouse Grimace and Body Condition Scales (MouseMApp) using machine learning.