Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis in the pediatric population, and its clinical and surgical management can significantly impact patients’ quality of life. However, limited research has explored how multiple patient- and surgical-related variables can influence postoperative experiences. This single-center, prospective cohort study analyzed data from 125 scoliosis patients ages 11–18 undergoing corrective spine surgery. We explored associations between patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) and variables including curve severity and correction, body mass index (BMI), brace use, pre-existing mental health diagnoses, length of instrumentation, and postoperative complications by applying the Scoliosis Research Society-30 (SRS-30) questionnaire at four different time points (preoperatively, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively). The SRS-30 is a validated questionnaire that focuses on the following five key PROM domains: Pain, Function/Activity, Self-Image/Appearance, Mental Health, and Satisfaction with Management. Findings showed that curve correction over 50% improved postoperative pain outcomes, while greater curve severity preoperatively impacted self-image. Moreover, mental health history and BMI significantly influenced postoperative mental health and satisfaction domains. Patient partners informed variable selection, reinforcing the importance of lived experience in study design and concept. The results of this study reinforce the need for patient-centered care in pediatric scoliosis treatment and illustrate the essential role of PROMs in capturing meaningful patient experiences after surgical processes.